Two Life-Cycle-Assessment (LCA) tools have been developed to support decision-making processes regarding Global Warming Potential (GWP) of design iterations at early design stages: 

Based on John Habraken’s ‘Open Building’ paradigm, a  design-based method segmentizes floor plan layouts into permanent support- and adaptable infill systems to enable systematic comparisons. This is achieved with a simplified translation of floor plans as conglomeration of repeated spatial entities such as wet cell blocks or room clusters, into series of  ‘shoe-boxes’ in order to make the impact of different design decisions intelligible. A series of dynamically alterable ‘shoebox’ modules are linked to simplified parametric building models. Variable load-bearing systems and respective material ratios can thus be assigned, generating comparative GWP impact visualizations. The shoe-boxes’ enclosures are defined by parametric 2D surfaces that visualise the ratio of support systems to infill components.